Flowcharts - Basic Syntax

Flowcharts are composed of nodes (geometric shapes) and edges (arrows or lines). The Mermaid code defines how nodes and edges are made and accommodates different arrow types, multi-directional arrows, and any linking to and from subgraphs.

WARNING

If you are using the word "end" in a Flowchart node, capitalize the entire word or any of the letters (e.g., "End" or "END"), or apply this workaround. Typing "end" in all lowercase letters will break the Flowchart.

WARNING

If you are using the letter "o" or "x" as the first letter in a connecting Flowchart node, add a space before the letter or capitalize the letter (e.g., "dev--- ops", "dev---Ops").

Typing "A---oB" will create a circle edge.

Typing "A---xB" will create a cross edge.

A node (default)

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INFO

The id is what is displayed in the box.

TIP

Instead of flowchart one can also use graph.

A node with text

It is also possible to set text in the box that differs from the id. If this is done several times, it is the last text found for the node that will be used. Also if you define edges for the node later on, you can omit text definitions. The one previously defined will be used when rendering the box.

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Unicode text

Use " to enclose the unicode text.

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Markdown formatting

Use double quotes and backticks "` text `" to enclose the markdown text.

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Direction

This statement declares the direction of the Flowchart.

This declares the flowchart is oriented from top to bottom (TD or TB).

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This declares the flowchart is oriented from left to right (LR).

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Possible FlowChart orientations are:

• TB - Top to bottom
• TD - Top-down/ same as top to bottom
• BT - Bottom to top
• RL - Right to left
• LR - Left to right

Node shapes

A node with round edges

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A stadium-shaped node

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A node in a subroutine shape

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A node in a cylindrical shape

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A node in the form of a circle

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A node in an asymmetric shape

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Currently only the shape above is possible and not its mirror. This might change with future releases.

A node (rhombus)

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A hexagon node

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Parallelogram

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Parallelogram alt

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Trapezoid

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Trapezoid alt

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Double circle

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Expanded Node Shapes in Mermaid Flowcharts (v11.3.0+)

Mermaid introduces 30 new shapes to enhance the flexibility and precision of flowchart creation. These new shapes provide more options to represent processes, decisions, events, data storage visually, and other elements within your flowcharts, improving clarity and semantic meaning.

New Syntax for Shape Definition

Mermaid now supports a general syntax for defining shape types to accommodate the growing number of shapes. This syntax allows you to assign specific shapes to nodes using a clear and flexible format:

A@{ shape: rect }

This syntax creates a node A as a rectangle. It renders in the same way as A["A"], or A.

Complete List of New Shapes

Below is a comprehensive list of the newly introduced shapes and their corresponding semantic meanings, short names, and aliases:

Semantic Name	Shape Name	Short Name	Description	Alias Supported
Card	Notched Rectangle	notch-rect	Represents a card	card, notched-rectangle
Collate	Hourglass	hourglass	Represents a collate operation	collate, hourglass
Com Link	Lightning Bolt	bolt	Communication link	com-link, lightning-bolt
Comment	Curly Brace	brace	Adds a comment	brace-l, comment
Comment Right	Curly Brace	brace-r	Adds a comment
Comment with braces on both sides	Curly Braces	braces	Adds a comment
Data Input/Output	Lean Right	lean-r	Represents input or output	in-out, lean-right
Data Input/Output	Lean Left	lean-l	Represents output or input	lean-left, out-in
Database	Cylinder	cyl	Database storage	cylinder, database, db
Decision	Diamond	diam	Decision-making step	decision, diamond, question
Delay	Half-Rounded Rectangle	delay	Represents a delay	half-rounded-rectangle
Direct Access Storage	Horizontal Cylinder	h-cyl	Direct access storage	das, horizontal-cylinder
Disk Storage	Lined Cylinder	lin-cyl	Disk storage	disk, lined-cylinder
Display	Curved Trapezoid	curv-trap	Represents a display	curved-trapezoid, display
Divided Process	Divided Rectangle	div-rect	Divided process shape	div-proc, divided-process, divided-rectangle
Document	Document	doc	Represents a document	doc, document
Event	Rounded Rectangle	rounded	Represents an event	event
Extract	Triangle	tri	Extraction process	extract, triangle
Fork/Join	Filled Rectangle	fork	Fork or join in process flow	join
Internal Storage	Window Pane	win-pane	Internal storage	internal-storage, window-pane
Junction	Filled Circle	f-circ	Junction point	filled-circle, junction
Lined Document	Lined Document	lin-doc	Lined document	lined-document
Lined/Shaded Process	Lined Rectangle	lin-rect	Lined process shape	lin-proc, lined-process, lined-rectangle, shaded-process
Loop Limit	Trapezoidal Pentagon	notch-pent	Loop limit step	loop-limit, notched-pentagon
Manual File	Flipped Triangle	flip-tri	Manual file operation	flipped-triangle, manual-file
Manual Input	Sloped Rectangle	sl-rect	Manual input step	manual-input, sloped-rectangle
Manual Operation	Trapezoid Base Top	trap-t	Represents a manual task	inv-trapezoid, manual, trapezoid-top
Multi-Document	Stacked Document	docs	Multiple documents	documents, st-doc, stacked-document
Multi-Process	Stacked Rectangle	st-rect	Multiple processes	processes, procs, stacked-rectangle
Odd	Odd	odd	Odd shape
Paper Tape	Flag	flag	Paper tape	paper-tape
Prepare Conditional	Hexagon	hex	Preparation or condition step	hexagon, prepare
Priority Action	Trapezoid Base Bottom	trap-b	Priority action	priority, trapezoid, trapezoid-bottom
Process	Rectangle	rect	Standard process shape	proc, process, rectangle
Start	Circle	circle	Starting point	circ
Start	Small Circle	sm-circ	Small starting point	small-circle, start
Stop	Double Circle	dbl-circ	Represents a stop point	double-circle
Stop	Framed Circle	fr-circ	Stop point	framed-circle, stop
Stored Data	Bow Tie Rectangle	bow-rect	Stored data	bow-tie-rectangle, stored-data
Subprocess	Framed Rectangle	fr-rect	Subprocess	framed-rectangle, subproc, subprocess, subroutine
Summary	Crossed Circle	cross-circ	Summary	crossed-circle, summary
Tagged Document	Tagged Document	tag-doc	Tagged document	tag-doc, tagged-document
Tagged Process	Tagged Rectangle	tag-rect	Tagged process	tag-proc, tagged-process, tagged-rectangle
Terminal Point	Stadium	stadium	Terminal point	pill, terminal
Text Block	Text Block	text	Text block

Example Flowchart with New Shapes

Here’s an example flowchart that utilizes some of the newly introduced shapes:

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Process

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Event

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Terminal Point (Stadium)

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Subprocess

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Database (Cylinder)

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Start (Circle)

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Odd

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Decision (Diamond)

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Prepare Conditional (Hexagon)

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Data Input/Output (Lean Right)

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Data Input/Output (Lean Left)

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Priority Action (Trapezoid Base Bottom)

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Manual Operation (Trapezoid Base Top)

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Stop (Double Circle)

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Text Block

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Card (Notched Rectangle)

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Lined/Shaded Process

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Start (Small Circle)

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Stop (Framed Circle)

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Fork/Join (Long Rectangle)

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Collate (Hourglass)

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Comment (Curly Brace)

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Comment Right (Curly Brace Right)

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Comment with braces on both sides

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Com Link (Lightning Bolt)

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Document

Code:

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Delay (Half-Rounded Rectangle)

Code:

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Direct Access Storage (Horizontal Cylinder)

Code:

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Disk Storage (Lined Cylinder)

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Display (Curved Trapezoid)

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Divided Process (Divided Rectangle)

Code:

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Extract (Small Triangle)

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Internal Storage (Window Pane)

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Junction (Filled Circle)

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Lined Document

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Loop Limit (Notched Pentagon)

Code:

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Manual File (Flipped Triangle)

Code:

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Manual Input (Sloped Rectangle)

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Multi-Document (Stacked Document)

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Multi-Process (Stacked Rectangle)

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Paper Tape (Flag)

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Stored Data (Bow Tie Rectangle)

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Summary (Crossed Circle)

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Tagged Document

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Tagged Process (Tagged Rectangle)

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Special shapes in Mermaid Flowcharts (v11.3.0+)

Mermaid also introduces 2 special shapes to enhance your flowcharts: icon and image. These shapes allow you to include icons and images directly within your flowcharts, providing more visual context and clarity.

Icon Shape

You can use the icon shape to include an icon in your flowchart. To use icons, you need to register the icon pack first. Follow the instructions provided here. The syntax for defining an icon shape is as follows:

Code:

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Parameters

• icon: The name of the icon from the registered icon pack.
• form: Specifies the background shape of the icon. If not defined there will be no background to icon. Options include:
  • square
  • circle
  • rounded
• label: The text label associated with the icon. This can be any string. If not defined, no label will be displayed.
• pos: The position of the label. If not defined label will default to bottom of icon. Possible values are:
  • t
  • b
• h: The height of the icon. If not defined this will default to 48 which is minimum.

Image Shape

You can use the image shape to include an image in your flowchart. The syntax for defining an image shape is as follows:

Code:

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Parameters

• img: The URL of the image to be displayed.
• label: The text label associated with the image. This can be any string. If not defined, no label will be displayed.
• pos: The position of the label. If not defined, the label will default to the bottom of the image. Possible values are:
  • t
  • b
• w: The width of the image. If not defined, this will default to the natural width of the image.
• h: The height of the image. If not defined, this will default to the natural height of the image.
• constraint: Determines if the image should constrain the node size. This setting also ensures the image maintains its original aspect ratio, adjusting the height (h) accordingly to the width (w). If not defined, this will default to off Possible values are:
  • on
  • off

These new shapes provide additional flexibility and visual appeal to your flowcharts, making them more informative and engaging.

Links between nodes

Nodes can be connected with links/edges. It is possible to have different types of links or attach a text string to a link.

A link with arrow head

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An open link

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Text on links

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or

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A link with arrow head and text

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or

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Dotted link

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Dotted link with text

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Thick link

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Thick link with text

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An invisible link

This can be a useful tool in some instances where you want to alter the default positioning of a node.

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Chaining of links

It is possible declare many links in the same line as per below:

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It is also possible to declare multiple nodes links in the same line as per below:

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You can then describe dependencies in a very expressive way. Like the one-liner below:

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If you describe the same diagram using the basic syntax, it will take four lines. A word of warning, one could go overboard with this making the flowchart harder to read in markdown form. The Swedish word lagom comes to mind. It means, not too much and not too little. This goes for expressive syntaxes as well.

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Attaching an ID to Edges

Mermaid now supports assigning IDs to edges, similar to how IDs and metadata can be attached to nodes. This feature lays the groundwork for more advanced styling, classes, and animation capabilities on edges.

Syntax:

To give an edge an ID, prepend the edge syntax with the ID followed by an @ character. For example:

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In this example, e1 is the ID of the edge connecting A to B. You can then use this ID in later definitions or style statements, just like with nodes.

Turning an Animation On

Once you have assigned an ID to an edge, you can turn on animations for that edge by defining the edge’s properties:

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This tells Mermaid that the edge e1 should be animated.

Selecting Type of Animation

In the initial version, two animation speeds are supported: fast and slow. Selecting a specific animation type is a shorthand for enabling animation and setting the animation speed in one go.

Examples:

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This is equivalent to { animate: true, animation: fast }.

Using classDef Statements for Animations

You can also animate edges by assigning a class to them and then defining animation properties in a classDef statement. For example:

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In this snippet:

• e1@--> creates an edge with ID e1.
• classDef animate defines a class named animate with styling and animation properties.
• class e1 animate applies the animate class to the edge e1.

Note on Escaping Commas: When setting the stroke-dasharray property, remember to escape commas as \, since commas are used as delimiters in Mermaid’s style definitions.

New arrow types

There are new types of arrows supported:

• circle edge
• cross edge

Circle edge example

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Cross edge example

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Multi directional arrows

There is the possibility to use multidirectional arrows.

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Minimum length of a link

Each node in the flowchart is ultimately assigned to a rank in the rendered graph, i.e. to a vertical or horizontal level (depending on the flowchart orientation), based on the nodes to which it is linked. By default, links can span any number of ranks, but you can ask for any link to be longer than the others by adding extra dashes in the link definition.

In the following example, two extra dashes are added in the link from node B to node E, so that it spans two more ranks than regular links:

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Note Links may still be made longer than the requested number of ranks by the rendering engine to accommodate other requests.

When the link label is written in the middle of the link, the extra dashes must be added on the right side of the link. The following example is equivalent to the previous one:

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For dotted or thick links, the characters to add are equals signs or dots, as summed up in the following table:

Length	1	2	3
Normal	---	----	-----
Normal with arrow	-->	--->	---->
Thick	===	====	=====
Thick with arrow	==>	===>	====>
Dotted	-.-	-..-	-...-
Dotted with arrow	-.->	-..->	-...->

Special characters that break syntax

It is possible to put text within quotes in order to render more troublesome characters. As in the example below:

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Entity codes to escape characters

It is possible to escape characters using the syntax exemplified here.

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Numbers given are base 10, so # can be encoded as #35;. It is also supported to use HTML character names.

Subgraphs

subgraph title
    graph definition
end

An example below:

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You can also set an explicit id for the subgraph.

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flowcharts

With the graphtype flowchart it is also possible to set edges to and from subgraphs as in the flowchart below.

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Direction in subgraphs

With the graphtype flowcharts you can use the direction statement to set the direction which the subgraph will render like in this example.

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Limitation

If any of a subgraph's nodes are linked to the outside, subgraph direction will be ignored. Instead the subgraph will inherit the direction of the parent graph:

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Markdown Strings

The "Markdown Strings" feature enhances flowcharts and mind maps by offering a more versatile string type, which supports text formatting options such as bold and italics, and automatically wraps text within labels.

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Formatting:

• For bold text, use double asterisks (**) before and after the text.
• For italics, use single asterisks (*) before and after the text.
• With traditional strings, you needed to add <br> tags for text to wrap in nodes. However, markdown strings automatically wrap text when it becomes too long and allows you to start a new line by simply using a newline character instead of a <br> tag.

This feature is applicable to node labels, edge labels, and subgraph labels.

The auto wrapping can be disabled by using

---
config:
  markdownAutoWrap: false
---
graph LR

Interaction

It is possible to bind a click event to a node, the click can lead to either a javascript callback or to a link which will be opened in a new browser tab.

INFO

This functionality is disabled when using securityLevel='strict' and enabled when using securityLevel='loose'.

click nodeId callback
click nodeId call callback()

• nodeId is the id of the node
• callback is the name of a javascript function defined on the page displaying the graph, the function will be called with the nodeId as parameter.

Examples of tooltip usage below:

<script>
  window.callback = function () {
    alert('A callback was triggered');
  };
</script>

The tooltip text is surrounded in double quotes. The styles of the tooltip are set by the class .mermaidTooltip.

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Success The tooltip functionality and the ability to link to urls are available from version 0.5.2.

?> Due to limitations with how Docsify handles JavaScript callback functions, an alternate working demo for the above code can be viewed at this jsfiddle.

Links are opened in the same browser tab/window by default. It is possible to change this by adding a link target to the click definition (_self, _blank, _parent and _top are supported):

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Beginner's tip—a full example using interactive links in a html context:

<body>
  <pre class="mermaid">
    flowchart LR
        A-->B
        B-->C
        C-->D
        click A callback "Tooltip"
        click B "https://www.github.com" "This is a link"
        click C call callback() "Tooltip"
        click D href "https://www.github.com" "This is a link"
  </pre>

  <script>
    window.callback = function () {
      alert('A callback was triggered');
    };
    const config = {
      startOnLoad: true,
      flowchart: { useMaxWidth: true, htmlLabels: true, curve: 'cardinal' },
      securityLevel: 'loose',
    };
    mermaid.initialize(config);
  </script>
</body>

Comments

Comments can be entered within a flow diagram, which will be ignored by the parser. Comments need to be on their own line, and must be prefaced with %% (double percent signs). Any text after the start of the comment to the next newline will be treated as a comment, including any flow syntax

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Styling and classes

Styling links

It is possible to style links. For instance, you might want to style a link that is going backwards in the flow. As links have no ids in the same way as nodes, some other way of deciding what style the links should be attached to is required. Instead of ids, the order number of when the link was defined in the graph is used, or use default to apply to all links. In the example below the style defined in the linkStyle statement will belong to the fourth link in the graph:

linkStyle 3 stroke:#ff3,stroke-width:4px,color:red;

It is also possible to add style to multiple links in a single statement, by separating link numbers with commas:

linkStyle 1,2,7 color:blue;

Styling line curves

It is possible to style the type of curve used for lines between items, if the default method does not meet your needs. Available curve styles include basis, bumpX, bumpY, cardinal, catmullRom, linear, monotoneX, monotoneY, natural, step, stepAfter, and stepBefore.

In this example, a left-to-right graph uses the stepBefore curve style:

%%{ init: { 'flowchart': { 'curve': 'stepBefore' } } }%%
graph LR

For a full list of available curves, including an explanation of custom curves, refer to the Shapes documentation in the d3-shape project.

Styling a node

It is possible to apply specific styles such as a thicker border or a different background color to a node.

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Classes

More convenient than defining the style every time is to define a class of styles and attach this class to the nodes that should have a different look.

A class definition looks like the example below:

    classDef className fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:4px;

Also, it is possible to define style to multiple classes in one statement:

    classDef firstClassName,secondClassName font-size:12pt;

Attachment of a class to a node is done as per below:

    class nodeId1 className;

It is also possible to attach a class to a list of nodes in one statement:

    class nodeId1,nodeId2 className;

A shorter form of adding a class is to attach the classname to the node using the :::operator as per below:

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This form can be used when declaring multiple links between nodes:

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CSS classes

It is also possible to predefine classes in CSS styles that can be applied from the graph definition as in the example below:

Example style

<style>
  .cssClass > rect {
    fill: #ff0000;
    stroke: #ffff00;
    stroke-width: 4px;
  }
</style>

Example definition

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Default class

If a class is named default it will be assigned to all classes without specific class definitions.

    classDef default fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:4px;

Basic support for fontawesome

It is possible to add icons from fontawesome.

The icons are accessed via the syntax fa:#icon class name#.

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Mermaid supports Font Awesome if the CSS is included on the website. Mermaid does not have any restriction on the version of Font Awesome that can be used.

Please refer the Official Font Awesome Documentation on how to include it in your website.

Adding this snippet in the <head> would add support for Font Awesome v6.5.1

<link
  href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.5.1/css/all.min.css"
  rel="stylesheet"
/>

Custom icons

It is possible to use custom icons served from Font Awesome as long as the website imports the corresponding kit.

Note that this is currently a paid feature from Font Awesome.

For custom icons, you need to use the fak prefix.

Example

flowchart TD
    B[fa:fa-twitter] %% standard icon
    B-->E(fak:fa-custom-icon-name) %% custom icon

And trying to render it

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Graph declarations with spaces between vertices and link and without semicolon

• In graph declarations, the statements also can now end without a semicolon. After release 0.2.16, ending a graph statement with semicolon is just optional. So the below graph declaration is also valid along with the old declarations of the graph.

• A single space is allowed between vertices and the link. However there should not be any space between a vertex and its text and a link and its text. The old syntax of graph declaration will also work and hence this new feature is optional and is introduced to improve readability.

Below is the new declaration of the graph edges which is also valid along with the old declaration of the graph edges.

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Configuration

Renderer

The layout of the diagram is done with the renderer. The default renderer is dagre.

Starting with Mermaid version 9.4, you can use an alternate renderer named elk. The elk renderer is better for larger and/or more complex diagrams.

The elk renderer is an experimental feature. You can change the renderer to elk by adding this directive:

%%{init: {"flowchart": {"defaultRenderer": "elk"}} }%%

INFO

Note that the site needs to use mermaid version 9.4+ for this to work and have this featured enabled in the lazy-loading configuration.

Width

It is possible to adjust the width of the rendered flowchart.

This is done by defining mermaid.flowchartConfig or by the CLI to use a JSON file with the configuration. How to use the CLI is described in the mermaidCLI page. mermaid.flowchartConfig can be set to a JSON string with config parameters or the corresponding object.

mermaid.flowchartConfig = {
    width: 100%
}